Adal Sultanate

[government]

There was no such thing as the "Warsangeli Sultanate" 500 years ago sxb. There was only Harti.

The Adal Sultanate included the Harti regions as far as Sanaag (Meit):

"Somali forces contributed much to the Imām’s victories. Shihāb ad-Dīn, the Muslim chronicler of the period, writing between 1540 and 1560, mentions them frequently (Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha, ed. And trs. R. Besset Paris, 1897). The most prominent Somali groups in the campaigns were the Geri, Marrehān, and Harti – all Dārod clans. Shihāb ad-Dīn is very vague as to their distribution and grazing areas, but describes the Harti as at the time in possession of the ancient eastern port of Mait. Of the Isāq only the Habar Magādle clan seem to have been involved and their distribution is not recorded. Finally, several Dir clans also took part."

Lewis, I.M. (1960). "The Somali Conquest of Horn of Africa". Journal of African History. 1 (2): 223. Retrieved 18 March 2018

This map is from 1510 and warsangali sultanate was founded in 1218

 

[MariaMaria]

Not true. The most influential Somali sub clan in the campaigns of the Adal Sultanate were the Darood:

"The most prominent Somali groups in the campaigns were the Geri, Marrehān, and Harti – all Dārod clans."

Lewis, I.M. (1960). "The Somali Conquest of Horn of Africa". Journal of African History. 1 (2): 223. Retrieved 18 March 2018

I don't know about 'most influential' but the Adal Sultanate is most definitely part of Dir history.

The Dir clan is one of the oldest clans in the Horn of Africa and the oldest clan among the Somalis.[5] According to Somali history, two of the oldest monarchies in the region, the Ifat and Adal Sultanates, were dominated by Dir.[6]

The early Adal Kingdom (9th century to 13th century) was an exclusive Dir Kingdom with its capital being Zeila.[7] In the 10th century, the Jarso clan a sub-division of Dir established the Dawaro Sultanate centred in Hararghe Highlands.

The Dir-Madaxweyne Akisho, along with the Gurgura, Issa and Gadabuursi subclans of the Dir represent the most native and indigenous Somali tribes in Harar.[8] [9] [10]

sources : https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Dir (clan)

5.Ethnographic Survey of Africa, Volume 5, Issue 1. International African Institute. 1969. p. 17. Retrieved 15 February 2018
6.Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha. (n.d.). Christian-Muslim Relations 1500 - 1900. doi:10.1163/2451-9537_cmrii_com_26077
7.Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 255.

 

[Boqor]

Darood and Dir kingdom

 

[Yonis]

I'm quite ignorant about Adal Empire, i had no idea Marehan and Harti had such a large influence

 

[World]

@Yonis

"At this moment the companions of the imam screamed out, saying,‘The infidels have tricked us; they are after the livestock,’ whereupon the imam split his forces into two divisions: one he entrusted to Garad Ahmusa, composed of the Somali spearmen of the Marraihan, the Gorgorah and the Hawiya; around one-thousand of them from among the most famous spearmen. And from the soldiers bearing shields, the same number.

”He sent (another messenger) to the tribe of Marraihan whose chieftain was Hirabu bin Goita Tedros bin Adam, and he also sent (messengers) to the outlying Provinces to spur them on to the jihad, for God, and in the way of the Most High God."

The Marehan chief had a Habesha/Semitic sounding name which I found weird tho. Maybe that was how the Abyssinian's pronounced his name or something. What do u think our native harari @Young Popeye

 

[Young Popeye]

,

there were more Kingdoms in the region then we realized such as Fatigar kingdom, and the Adea kingdom which controlled the coastline along Xamaar. It mentions that Adals kingdom was from Bab el Mandeb (Djibouti)and Cape Guardafui (Somalia)

Fatagar just meant the "separated region" which was known as the western border of adal because it was conquered by abyssinia sometime in 13th century . fatagar is also where emperor Gelawdewos was killed by nur because he was about to invade adal territory

 

[Young Popeye]

The only significant non Somalis who contributed to the wars were the Harla, who were absorbed by the Darood as Harla Kombe, the brothers of Harti. They also live in the vicinity of Harar.

As for the Afars, none of any of their sub clans were even mentioned unlike the Somalis and Harlas.

Harla werent abosorbed by darod, it was the darod, a harla clan who got absorbed by samale.

 

[Sultan]

I don't know about 'most influential' but the Adal Sultanate is most definitely part of Dir history.

The Dir clan is one of the oldest clans in the Horn of Africa and the oldest clan among the Somalis.[5] According to Somali history, two of the oldest monarchies in the region, the Ifat and Adal Sultanates, were dominated by Dir.[6]

The early Adal Kingdom (9th century to 13th century) was an exclusive Dir Kingdom with its capital being Zeila.[7] In the 10th century, the Jarso clan a sub-division of Dir established the Dawaro Sultanate centred in Hararghe Highlands.

The Dir-Madaxweyne Akisho, along with the Gurgura, Issa and Gadabuursi subclans of the Dir represent the most native and indigenous Somali tribes in Harar.[8] [9] [10]

sources : https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Dir (clan)

5.Ethnographic Survey of Africa, Volume 5, Issue 1. International African Institute. 1969. p. 17. Retrieved 15 February 2018
6.Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha. (n.d.). Christian-Muslim Relations 1500 - 1900. doi:10.1163/2451-9537_cmrii_com_26077
7.Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 255.

Akisho or akhicu are Oromo particularly from the Afran Qallu branch that dominate the Harerghe highlands

The Adari or Harari people currently populate Harar though both Somali and Oromo has significant presence in the holy city.The nearest Somali clan to the city is Gari Kombe. Historically the Gadabursi lived a bit father from Harar and Geri lived in between.


The major Somali clans in Adal were

Marehan
Geri
Habarmagdle
Harti
Yabare
Bartire
Gurgura
Jiiraan

The above were the most influential clans in Adal.Get a copy of Futuh Habesha and Educate yourself.

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[James Dahl]

Adal was not a centralized state but a confederation and alliance of different sub-states with one of the states as overall leader, the Sultan's state of Adal.

There were many states that were part of Adal like the Maakhir Garaad (Warsangeli), the Hobat Garaad (Karaanle), the Garaad of Zeila, the Garaad of Gidaya (Geri), the Garaad of Harla, etc etc.

It is not contradictory for Warsangeli to have a state beginning in the 13th century and being part of Adal until the early 17th century. I think every state that was ruled by a Garaad was originally a sub-state under either Adal or the Ajuuraan who also had Garaads.

 

[Sultan]

Adal was not a centralized state but a confederation and alliance of different sub-states with one of the states as overall leader, the Sultan's state of Adal.

There were many states that were part of Adal like the Maakhir Garaad (Warsangeli), the Hobat Garaad (Karaanle), the Garaad of Zeila, the Garaad of Gidaya (Geri), the Garaad of Harla, etc etc.

I agree with you on this one.Adal wasn't a centralized state.It quite the obvious different Somali clans joined Adal jihaad in order to defend Islam preeminence in the region and also to get wealth in form of war booty.

Adal sultans had little or no control over the widely dispersed Somali nomads who occasionally joined the expeditions against the Christian Highlanders

 

[Boqor]

Akisho or akhicu are Oromo particularly from the Afran Qallu branch that dominate the Harerghe highlands

The Adari or Harari people currently populate Harar though both Somali and Oromo has significant presence in the holy city.The nearest Somali clan to the city is Gari Kombe. Historically the Gadabursi lived a bit father from Harar and Geri lived in between.


The major Somali clans in Adal were

Marehan
Geri
Habarmagdle
Harti
Yabare
Bartire
Gurgura
Jiiraan

The above were the most influential clans in Adal.Get a copy of Futuh Habesha and Educate yourself.

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Jzk for the info akhi

Can you give a short summary on the ajuuraan sultanate and which qabils played the most prominent roles?

Also does the habarmagdle refer to the Isaaq clan?

 

[James Dahl]

The Futuh actually says Habar Makida, not Habar Magadle. The identity of Habar Makida is incredibly disputed

 

[Sultan]

The Futuh actually says Habar Makida, not Habar Magadle. The identity of Habar Makida is incredibly disputed

There is one copy that explicitly writes Habar magaadle though the popular one which can be found online writes Habar Makida.Some say it is not isaaq but rather Gadabursi while others even bring Bartire in to the picture.

Who are this mysterious Habar Makdi according to you ?

 

[James Dahl]

There is one copy that explicitly writes Habar magaadle though the popular one which can be found online writes Habar Makida.Some say it is not isaaq but rather Gadabursi while others even bring Bartire in to the picture.

Who are this mysterious Habar Makdi according to you ?

No, the Arabic says Habar Makida, the English translation (I have a copy it's a pretty good translation) translates this as Habar Maqdi and notes in the footnotes that "this is probably Habar Magadle", but yeah the Arabic text says هبر مكيد Which you can say is either Habar Maqdi or Habar Makida depending on your reading.

The Samaroon insist this relates to a branch of Samaroon the Makidoor, but it doesn't say Makidoor it says Makida (no "r") and also it's HABAR Makida. The Isaaq insist this is Habar Magadle but there is no "l" there, though some genealogies write "Habar Magado" rather than "Magadle" which is a possibility.

I actually suspect this clan is neither Isaaq nor Samaroon but some other, now lost clan from the highlands.

 

[Sosomalis]

No, the Arabic says Habar Makida, the English translation (I have a copy it's a pretty good translation) translates this as Habar Maqdi and notes in the footnotes that "this is probably Habar Magadle", but yeah the Arabic text says هبر مكيد Which you can say is either Habar Maqdi or Habar Makida depending on your reading.

The Samaroon insist this relates to a branch of Samaroon the Makidoor, but it doesn't say Makidoor it says Makida (no "r") and also it's HABAR Makida. The Isaaq insist this is Habar Magadle but there is no "l" there, though some genealogies write "Habar Magado" rather than "Magadle" which is a possibility.

I actually suspect this clan is neither Isaaq nor Samaroon but some other, now lost clan from the highlands.

Depends on who you ask, according to Richard Pankhurst they were Samaroon and that's consistent with geography. Plus your wrong to say that it's Makidoor without the prefix Habar.
The clan is very well known as Habar Makadoor.

Here the 'R' is even silent.

So please be careful with some statements @James Dahl . The prefix Habar is very much the full name of the clan despite us in the genealogy refering back to Makadoor alone.

 

[James Dahl]

Who was Makidoor that the Habar comes from?

 

[Sosomalis]

Who was Makidoor that the Habar comes from?

Habar comes from the mother of both Makahil and Maxamed Case, they make up Habar Makadur i.e Makaahiil Makadur and Maxamed Makadur are collectively known as Habar Makadur.

Makadur was the son of Samaroon, the clan ancestor.

 

[James Dahl]

Yes but Habar implies that Makidoor was the mother's clan name, so who were the Makidoor?

 

[Sosomalis]

Yes but Habar implies that Makidoor was the mother's clan name, so who were the Makidoor?

Why would that imply that Makidoor was the mother's clan name? Is that a stipulation?

Just because thats the traditions of the Isaaq, you can't use that as an example. Would you argue that Gidir is a clan? Or Awal is a clan? Also many of the older writers use to call Garhajis, as Habar Garhajis, does that mean that Garhajis was the name of the mother's clan?

Come on, James.

 

[James Dahl]

Gidir is indeed a clan, it's a subclan of Karanle Hawiye. The Habar Gidir their mother Raaray was a Gidir Karanle that's how they are Habar Gidir.

Bah Majerteen (the Harti clan) descent from Faadumo Ceelaanyo Majerteen, Majerteen is a Ciise Dir clan. The proper name of the large Harti clan is the BAH Majerteen.

Habar Awal are descended from an Arab mother from Zeila the wife of Cabdalraxmaan Isaaq, Zeila was originally called Awal, the woman's name was Zulaikha. This is why they are Habar Awal.

Habar Garxajis descent from a woman of the Garxajis Mandaluug clan of Dir.