Languages/dialects spoken in southern Somalia

[gasara]

I'm sure your family members took the time to learn bunch of new Somali words when they came to the South in the 80s! They also had to make a little adjustment the way they tell the time, when they made appointments with a Southerners. They probably also had to change the way they count numbers, and the money when they were at the market

They didn't really experience much of a difference or change from what they told me. Even when I meet southern diaspora they just seem like any other Somali and we spoke the same. I'm assuming the differences is region dependent. Some areas are very different and some are no different from any other place. I probs just encounter only the ones that are no different from my area.

 

[Idilinaa]

Kinda misleading video. KiBajuni and Mushunguli are swahili/bantu languages that are not native(from Kenya and Tanzania) to Somalia and hardly any sizeable community speaks it. Like others said they are not really widespread or localized.

The rest seem to dialects.

Here is map that shows Somali dialect distribution.

 

[Idilinaa]

Af Maay is a language, it isn’t mutually intelligible with Af-Maxaa (aka Somali). Stop disrespecting the Maay nation, af Maay should be taught in the schools of SW State. Long live the Maay nation

We are the originals. Even Af-Maxaa in the south is broken due to heavy influence from Maay & Bantu speakers. I’m pretty sure Banadiri Somali has an Af-Maay substratum

Af Maay is a dialect of the same language.

Af Maay is neither influenced by bantu or oromo, same goes for Af Maxaa in the south which is more less just an extended Northern Speech. Benadiri dialect is not dialect contimuum of Af Maay, it's more similar to Af Maxaa in terms of grammar and prounciation.

Here is a couple of post i made about the the topic clarifying a couple false conclusions and narratives surrounding it:

There is no real basis from these forum posters, it's just identity exclusionism, lack of knowledge about language and reductionist thinking about Somalis ,who can be regionally and economically varied. Af-Maay in the academic circles and tradition is just a speech variation of the same Somali language. All the Somali speech variations descend from the same common language ancestor.

In regards to it's mutual intelligibility , there is one study done by Deqa Hassan that tested it more objectively Somali Dialects in the United States: How Intelligible is Af-Maay to Speakers of Af-Maxaa?

That concluded it is partially mutually intelligeable with Af-Maaxa and a Type-5 dialect. That it also has overlapping common cultural history with Af-Maxaa

Wether something is classified as a dialect or a language isn't solely a political umberalla, but there is linguistic and non-linguistic factors that should be considered.

I think this table concretizes an understanding to how language-dialect relationships are concieved. If you look at Danish and Norwegian they are mutually intelligeable but have seperate cultural history and therefore it's that non-linguistic factor that makes up the deciding difference between them.

Af-Maxaa, Af-Maay and the various other speech variations share however the same overlapping common cultural history and have varrying degrees of intelligeability between them. Thats why it makes sense to consider them dialects of the same language as opposed to distinct languages.

What the evidence shows is that Sab are simply the earliest nucleus Somali speaking community to settle in the South that later confederated with more recent northern AF-Maxaa and Af-Benadiri speaking migrants.

Af-Maaxa and Af-Maay have the same cultural history unlike portuguese and spanish. I think the difference between Af-Maay and Af-Maaxa is kinda like the developmental trajectory between Old English and New English. One wouldn't say they are two distinct languages.

And high proportion of Raxanweyn are adopted immigrants from other Af-Maaxa speaking Somali clans. If you look at Elay Raxanweyn clan who are the largest among them, for example not one of the 22 clan cheifs/leaders were of original Elay descent

As I.M Lewis noted that:

Indeed , so many layers of foreign settlement have been deposited by successive waves of immigrants that in a great many clans the original founding nucleus... has not only been vastly outnumbered but has eventually withered away together.

And also i don't like the misreading of this study you make , what it says is that it shares the same cultural history not that Af-Maay was recently influenced over the centuries by Af-Maxaa and it does not only say if you really get used to them you understand them better. It also says intelligibility in Af-Maay increases the more proficient/Fluent you are in Af-Maxaa.

Actually Af-Maay which is part of the Somali language/s shares like 80-85% of the same lexicon as Af-Maxaa because they are from the same language of origin (some borrowing might have happened), what makes the dialect so differentiated from Af-Maaxa and other dialects are some differences in pronunciations, grammar and has fewer loan words from Arabic etc and retain words that archaic and rarely used in Af-Maaxa or has been supressed due to innovations or borrowings.

Here is lexical comparison on the different dialects:

https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/1015/5/03_A.%20O.%20MANSUR%20-%20A%20lexical%20aspect%20of%20somali%20and%20east-cushitic%20languages.pdf

The overhelming identity of lexical elements demonstrated above between Southern Somali dialects and East Cushitic leads us to conclude that Southern Somalis is, in some aspects , more archaic linguistically, and can be considered as a link between the Omo-Tana or East Cushitic languages and Standard Somali, thus confirming the idea that, from a linguistic point of view are older speech community of Somalis----

It is not comparable to Mehri or Modern South Arabian languages because they descend from a different semetic language origin than Arabic. Af-Maay and Af-Maaxa descend from the same language.

And yes it's a pity that more resources and attention haven't given to Af-Maay but it's hardly ever in danger like Mehri, still as rich and spoken daily in large parts of regions of Southern Somalia, they also make content online in the South West state in Af-Maay , even news segments, despite the standardization of the language that better prefers Af-Maxaa.

Not it's perfect analogy. Modern English is divergent of Old English, both are descendants of Anglo-Saxon actually. The development from Old to Modern English is due to the substantial influence in core vocabulary and some grammar from older versions of Danish and Norse, and it has received a large part of its current vocabulary from French. So it has a number of borrowings and innovations within it missing in Old English.

Similar thing happened with Af-Maxa that differentiates it from Af-Maay which has retained a lot of Archaic traits, and has less borrowings but is essentially the same language with regional differences as i have shown under this post:

 

[Idilinaa]

Af Maay is a dialect of the same language.

Af Maay is neither influenced by bantu or oromo, same goes for Af Maxaa in the south which is more less just an extended Northern Speech. Benadiri dialect is not dialect contimuum of Af Maay, it's more similar to Af Maxaa in terms of grammar and prounciation.

Here is a couple of post i made about the the topic clarifying a couple false conclusions and narratives surrounding it:

How Af Maay became diverged from the Northern-Coastal Dialects has to do with ecological seperation created by the two rivers.

Linguist Abdalla Omar Mansuur explained it in his paper: Titled: The linguistic and ethno-cultural homogeneity of Somali people.

Despite the ecological niches there was enough cross migration and contact between sedentary and mobile population resulted in the prescense of common somatic and cultural features.

The ecological separation between riverrine and northern-coastal are usually understood in the sense that they exist as part of two separate branches in the Somali language tree

The text below explains the process of differentiation and split that happened.

Graph from Nuuh Ali

Because Northern -Coastal dialect went through more movements, influences and migrations , it had a lot more internal differentiation, borrowing, convergence and innovation that happened to it, whereas the Riverrine dialects remained a lot more static, insulated and therefore retained more archaic(older) features.

 

[Burqad]

Af Maay is the older dialect of Somali than Maxaa, it dates to before Somalis had camels

 

[Afar indhood]

Kinda misleading video. KiBajuni and Mushunguli are swahili/bantu languages that are not native(from Kenya and Tanzania) to Somalia and hardly any sizeable community speaks it. Like others said they are not really widespread or localized.

The rest seem to dialects.

Here is map that shows Somali dialect distribution.

Misleading map.
Maay/Digil dialects/languages (Af-maay, Jiiddo, etc) are not mutually intelligible with Maxaa-tiri.
Maxaa-tiri speech/dialect has many general varieties (accents, basically):
1. Northern: Somaliland, Puntland, Dds, Deep South, most of Galmudug and some in Hiiraan.
2. Hawiye(?): The shebeelles, Xamar Daye and some Hiiraan and galmudug (Salaad Cali Jeelle).
3. General Xamar accent: spoken by most people in Muqdisho who didn't come from Baadiye.
4. Reer Xamar accent: coastal areas from Xamar to Marka/Barawa.

 

[Idilinaa]

Misleading map.
Maay/Digil dialects/languages (Af-maay, Jiiddo, etc) are not mutually intelligible with Maxaa-tiri.
Maxaa-tiri speech/dialect has many general varieties (accents, basically):
1. Northern: Somaliland, Puntland, Dds, Deep South, most of Galmudug and some in Hiiraan.
2. Hawiye(?): The shebeelles, Xamar Daye and some Hiiraan and galmudug (Salaad Cali Jeelle).
3. General Xamar accent: spoken by most people in Muqdisho who didn't come from Baadiye.
4. Reer Xamar accent: coastal areas from Xamar to Marka/Barawa.

Maay and Digil are broadly understood to be two separate speech variations, that form the ''Riverine'' branch but they are quite different from eachother compared to Maxaa Tirii Dialects. They have varying degrees of intelligibility between them.

Maxaa Tiri are broken into different dialects it not just accents. They even have some lexical differences but they are most similar to eachother due to convergence.

The dialects spoken in the central-southern Somali and the coast fall under Af-Maxaa Tiri broadly speaking. In lot of cases they grouped as ''Coastal-Northern''

There is no Hawiye dialect or distinct Benadiri dialect, they are part of the same continuum of dialect clusters.

The map i showed is from Christopher Ehret who is a historical linguist who studies Cushitic languages.