It's in the link you just responded to. It's an open access study
More Descendants of Somali Merchants in the Gulf?
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It's in the link you just responded to. It's an open access study
World
VIP
Found some interesting sources on Berbera.
Year 1060 Chinese source:
Year 863 Chinese source:
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I've seen it , its not speaking of Somalia in the 800CE and 1060 based on it. They are talking about tribes from the far deep Southern East African Coast.
It was covered in this blog post some years back
800 CE Po-pa-li is not Somalia but 1100 CE Pi-pa-lo is?
Anthromadness
anthromadness.blogspot.com
The Po-pa-li of 1100 is actually talking about Somalia. And the descriptions of it lines up with the economy, and the geography of the region. To an incredible accuracy.
They also make it clear in the 1100 and other ones that Somalis did not enslave each-other but acted as middlemen and that it being transit place for slaves coming from the deeper swahili south.
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World
VIP
Interesting that makes sense!I've seen it , its not speaking of Somalia in the 800CE and 1060 based on it. They are talking about tribes from the far deep Southern East African Coast.
It was covered in this blog post some years back
800 CE Po-pa-li is not Somalia but 1100 CE Pi-pa-lo is?
Anthromadness
The Po-pa-li of 1100 is actually talking about Somalia. And the decriptions of lines up with the economy, and the geography of the region. To an incredible accuracy.
There’s also this 1242 Chinese source, sounds more like northern Somalia:
Yeah it does. The passages from 1242 in this one splits between desicriptions of north, central and the eastern part .
This part you shared talks about Eastern coast of Somalia. It prefaces it by saying it produces frankincense and it seperates from western-north (Waaqoyi-Galbeed) by a vast inhabited mountain.
We get a small bit of insight into their political structure, it was an Islamic kingdom with a Sultan ruling the territory and he had a delegation of attendees and there was appointment of ministers as well. Shows a clear centralized bureaucratic structure. We then have some information about their economy and resources: They have ships, they fish, cultivate frankincense, collect pearls and ambergis off the coast, they have many livestock: cattle , sheep and camels.
We get insight into the seafaring maritime based fishing-frankenscense-pearl diving economy with coastal villages & a few port towns much like how it was in the Early Modern Period but nothing is said unfortunately about the eastern interior economy and structure that we know from archeology and few town mentions was a long distance trading caravan based urban economy connected to the north-west.
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The dragon blood is probably the dragon tree of Socotra which is an excellent haemostatic.
@Idilinaa is correct.
You encounter a lot of names like "Siwaqrooni", "Daroodi", "Dishiishi" and so forth among Omanis and these guys, according to relatives of mine who've met them, will remember their abtirsis in many cases and react very happily when they realize you're Somali, especially if you seem to have the same tribal roots as them. But appearance wise they look Arabian from generations of marrying Arabian women. We have our equivalent on our side of the coast in the Carab Saalax:
You encounter a lot of names like "Siwaqrooni", "Daroodi", "Dishiishi" and so forth among Omanis and these guys, according to relatives of mine who've met them, will remember their abtirsis in many cases and react very happily when they realize you're Somali, especially if you seem to have the same tribal roots as them. But appearance wise they look Arabian from generations of marrying Arabian women. We have our equivalent on our side of the coast in the Carab Saalax:
Carab Saalax are a different story from "Yemeni-Somalis". The thing about my cousin's hooyo is that she's clearly still Yemeni genetically. You look at her and she's just a straight up Peninsular Arab woman but when she begins to speak she's just another eedo (kekekekek). Carab Saalaxs took it a step further and began intermarrying with ethnic Somalis for so long that the only thing foreign about them now is their Y-DNA and that they rememeber being genealogically Mehris. I used to think their claim was bullshit but I do recall some CSs getting sampled and turning up with a Y-DNA J1 clade that seemed to align with Mehris but these guys' mixing started ages ago. Even by the start of the 1900s when they had a fort in Bosaso they already looked like run of the mill Somalis:
"Fort of the Arabs" (Carab Saalax)
The most active stage of the war being now past, all
the tribes set themselves to constructing forts, of which
there are now seven at Bosaso—three belonging to the
Bahadir, two to the Deshisha, one to the Bagaren, and one
to the Arabs—not counting several others, of smaller size.
The Deshisha have asked leave to build another, larger than
all the rest, on the high ground inland, but, up to the present
time, Sultan Osman has not granted the desired permission.
These small forts are used in time of peace to store weapons,
ammunition, and provisions under cover, or sometimes as a
prison.
While the struggle was in progress, several Arab families
arrived from the island of Socotra, and settled among the
local tribes, by mingling with whom they originated a new
tribe, called that "of the Arabs," and now occupying the
western part of the country.
THE PROMONTORY OF CAPE GUARDAFUI
GIULIO BALDACCI; THE PROMONTORY OF CAPE GUARDAFUI, African Affairs, Volume IX, Issue XXXIII, 1 October 1909, Pages 59–72, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjouacademic.oup.com
These Yemeni Somali clans seem to be more absorbed like they know their abtiris but don't have names like 'Daroodi'
They have completely thrown away their Somali abtirisi and were adopted into some Yemeni clan https://x.com/PuntlandVault/status/1797680502691991964?t=5fquRwZuwgTsMnlQpDeCOQ&s=19
In case you didn't see the tweet that was shared before deletion: Here is a repost of it.
x.com
x.com
A lot of them have a general darker undertone to them i have noticed.
Whereas others like Abdulqadir Al-Sumali who is also Majerteen just straight up looks fully Somali
Abdul Qader Al Sumali « New Age Banking Summit Oman
The New Age Banking Summit - Oman is the region's leading conference to explore business-critical needs and disruptive banking innovations. Co-located with the Oman Banking and Finance Awards, powered by Oman Economic Review.
newagebankingsummit.com
Al-Daroodi in oman is a confederation of Somali Darood tribes. They individually go by their independent sub clan names Al-Siwaqroon, Al-Bahante(Dhulbahante). Al-Dishiishi etc but collectively are all darood.
They are part of a Yemeni confederation but trace descent to Majerteen. So they retained their original abtirsi.
As he says:
Much like how Gibil Cad Reer Xamari clans are part of Somali ururs established by Gibil madow clans yet trace paternally from seperate line to a migrant.
They are confederacies a union of independent lineages.
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Zero correlation, confederacies in Xamar like Moorsho, Bandhawow, Iskaashato, Dhabarweyne, Reer Maanyo, Qalmashube, Saddex geedi, Indhoweyne etc aren't based on lineages, clans have left and joined other confederacies throughout history. They're all multi ethnic confederacies/alliances, common theme is each would have Gibil Cad & Gibil Madow (Jàreer & Jileec).
They're confederacies based on area as each has a specific zone in xamarweyne or shingaani that they historically inhabited, and they could also be based on occupation like Qalmashube (Goldsmiths & Silversmiths) & Reer Maanyo .
There is a difference between Tribal family and Tribal confederacies.
The ururs follow the same confederacy pattern you find among some Northern-Western Somali and more specifically the Southern Raxanweyn tribes, some of which are also not based on descent grouping.
I have mentioned this before about Reer Xamaris:
Even the name ''Tunni'' means ''confederacy'' in the Somali language and they are a confederation of different native Somali clan lineages under a core founding group.
And coastal Gibil madows don't have Jarer among them in terms of Bantus as far as i know. They are strictly from ethnic Somali clans and the adopted bantus somalis are specified as ''Habash'' in the interior riverrine regions. Jileec & Jarer was never terms Somalis used until recently and it was Bantus/Habash that came up with them in recent decades and self-applied these terms to themselves and to other Somalis in order to distance themselves from the slave connotation of the ''Habash'' name.
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Nope they're unique confederacies, other multi ethnic confederacies in south such as Geledi, Bagadi , Eelay etc have names of actual claimed ancestors or nicknames for ancestors for example Geledi being nickname of Cumar Diin , Bagadi being son of Reewin , Eelay being son of Madoowe Mirifle
Meanwhile Moorsho, Iskaashato, Bandhawow, Dhabarweyne, Reer Maanyo, Qalmashube, Indhoweyne, Seddex Geedi are not based on lineages. There aren't any ancestors that had those names or used them as nicknames.
Siyeed and Sagaal was originally based on descent but shifted throughout history due to demographic changes as Sheekh Eethin Sheekh Saciid ( A reewin scholar who's yantaar by lineage, leysaan by alliance)
Siyeed was originally the clans from the 6 sons of Cadde Mirifle and clans from 2 sons of Madoowe Mirifle likewise Sagaal was originally the clans from the 4 sons of Subuge and clans from 5 sons of Shariif Dalwaaq.
He then lists the modern day Sagaal and siyeed in the last screenshot if you wish to understand it more the sheekh has a video where he talks about it in detail in Af Maay language
Various mistakes in this, Moorsho is a multi ethnic confederacy, only 5 reers in Moorsho claim ajuuraan and they are
1- Reer Maxamud Eebow
2- Reer Baatay Eebow
3- Reer Ibrahim Eebow
4- Reer Khalafow
5- Reer Mahadow Amiin
There's also Reer Aweys Nuurow that are apart of Moorsho and they claim Silcis and there's Arabs like Ba Xamish and Hatimi that are also apart of the confederacy.
The sources that you're using clearly only interviewed informants from the ajuuraan reers in the confederacy. There's no evidence of them being oldest either as they claim to be from Ajuuraan Gareen from qalaafe ie they claim origin to interior.
Likewise for Dhabarweyne it's only Reer Maxamuud Jibriil that are Xawaadle Cabdi Yusuf , and only reer that are murusade, they're amongst Reer wabaas alliance of Dhabarweyne which consists of three reers that are Murusade Habar Cayne, Cawrmale and Bantu
1)Reer Aw Bakar
2)Reer Misgal
3)Reer Makaran
Reer Axmed Nuur in Bandhawow claim Sheekhaal aw xassan kalweyne and claim to be from the Axmed Nuur sub sub clan similarly to how Quruwaaye claim to be from Quruwaaye sub subclan of Baadicade
Also Cali & Maxamed is made up of two reers , books only mention what one of them claim which is xawaadle, but the other Reer claim dhulbahante.
There's other reers missing from the list of Bandhawow reers in books you'll come across online and I've mentioned them here before, like reer xassan sheekhow that claim ogaden bahgari descent and reer xayle that claim garre descent
Iskaashato just happens to be the name of the alliance doesn't mean that's it's the only alliance as the rest bandhawow, moorsho, dhabarweyne etc are all equally alliances . The similarities between Reer xamar confederacies and the ones of raxanweyn would be that they're based on demographics for example the Handab that left from Handab lands in modern day afgooye region are now apart of Bohoraad subclan of Eelay and no longer apart of Geledi, likewise the bagadis that left bagadi land ( actual descendants of bagadi son of reewin) to bay are now apart of Geedafade subclan of Eelay.
So the aspect of being able to flexibly shift between alliances is the only similarity , the various raxanweyn confederacies don't have common occupation such as the reer xamar confederacies were for example Qalmashube is a confederacy of mainly goldsmith's and silversmiths or Reer Maanyo being a confederacy of seafarers/fishermen or how Bandhawow are known to be weavers however this doesn't mean that people from other confederacies dont fish or weave.
Tunni is different as there's those that are regarded as the original core clan members which are a minority and they would be descendants of Ciise Digil, then throughout history there's been Garre, Cawrmale, Hawiye, Maadanle, Ajuran, Gawaawiin, various Arab groups and other Digils that have joined tunni as alliance.
Meanwhile these reer xamar confederacies don't have any core reers, one reer could easily shift between different confederacies and there's many examples for this such as amiin khalafow between moorsho and bandhawow , reer buurfuuule ( moorsho and Iskaashato), reer sawad ( moorsho and iskaashato) and many more.
It's evident you don't know much about gibil madows then, it's well known that gibil madow includes Jàreer and jileec not just in banaadir but even in dhoobey, Geledi and begedi have gibil madows that are Jàreer and Jileec. I didn't say they were terms used in the coast I'm merely using them instead of having to list the different gibil madow groups, In riverine regions the jàreers there are far more diverse, they're not just strictly Bantu likewise on the coast they're not only strictly Bantu, as there's shiidle that are apart of Bandhawow and Iskaashato
Non of the ones you have mentioned are multi-ethnic they are all Somali clans from different lineages brought together under a Somali confederacy.
Geledi is also a confederacy. That is divided into two subsections such as Tolweyne and Yebdaale. divided into number of lineages. Other principles lineages include Sanjiidle .
But the core founding ruling lineage group which was Gibil Madow is headed by Gobroon.
And the begeedi trace descent seperatly from the Gobron lineage and are seen as Gibil Cad(Lightskins)
The names Sieed and Sagaal describe not clan but subsections (the Eight and the Nine) these subsections are confederacies , Sagaal for example is divided into nine clans with Hadame and Luway being the largest etc
It's the same for some other Somali clans even in a few North-Galbeed ones. They include core native founding groups and their adoptees.
Moorshe , Bandawoow, Dhabarweyne are all confederacies founded by core lineages.
The name of the confederacy is seperate from the individual clan family names that make them up and the core founding group that headed them.
The core founding group of Moorshe confederacy is an Ajuraan clan.
The Dhabarweyne confederacy founders were from Hawadle and Murusade clans
And the sole founder of the Bandawow confederacy was a Hawiye clan Amin Khalafow
Also iskahaasto is actually a group of clans that formed a cooperative. It is literally taken directly from Raxanweyn agro-pastoral culture of stock association/cooperatives..
We have their lineages so we know where they trace their descent from. And most of the Gibil Madow coastal lineages are from Somali pastoral lineages, or a few agro-pastoral or the few immigrant lineages let alone jarer or bantu. Nor did any other non-bantu descended group live in the riverrine either to my knowledge.
The jarer as you referred to them never existed much on the coast like Xamar or other ones coastal towns aside from a handful of invidual female domestic workers that would go back to the interior from to time. They were brought to labour in the river regions behind it in the late 18th -19th century and are distinguished as Xabash and are adopted into the interior clans.
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