The alchemist
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Early Semites- pre-Axum, Axum, all those were not from Agaws. Agaws had influence in the material culture, such as pottery and lithing industries but they were incorporated by those Semites from Southern Arabia. Architecture, political and social organizational design, elite hierarchy, etc, were Arabian in root. After the Sabaean period, you had a respective trajectory during the Axumite period that deviated from Yemen but that was rooted in the initial Semite origin.
Ona was predominantly Agaw (probably mixed with lowlander non-Agaw to some extent though due to what happened some millenium earlier), and Agaws were the people who lived in northern Tigray that gave the Semite settlers farmer technology, wares such as pottery and lithics that were sourced and shared throughout the northern Ethiopian region (due to the Aagw commonality) what you had in Ona in the Asmara plateau. Those were not Semitic rooted but indigenous, or more like the original Sudanic Butan and Gash rooted.
@rania212
Yeha was constructed to worship a Southern Arabian moon god:
en.wikipedia.org
You have the same in Sirwah Yemen worshipping the same god during the same period building structures that followed the same material type:
These are from northern Ethiopia. They have nothing to do with the Cushitic building but are straight out of Yemen.
The Agaws had no such architectural structural pre-conditions that explain any of what you see above -- none. Those grew out of the southern Arabian region.
Semitic is rooted in the Near East where we have the most ancient languages established, expanding later during the Bronze Age to Arabia, with Ethiopian Semitic being a section of those, not the origin itself.
It could be that Sabaean Yemenite rulers settled in Ethiopia and controlled both sides (in those inscriptions, those kings claim suzerainty to control Saba, though that is probably competition of internal Sabaean families that were probably rivals for succession or something and might have lied) but Saba is rooted in South Arabia, not Ethiopia. Northern Ethiopia was Cushitic land first, not Semitic. In the earliest Ethio-Semitic layers, the Semites absorbed Agaw root words during the first centuries of its arrival.
By the way, the early Semites did not have one all-encompassing kingdom called D'MT - that inscription was noted a bit more than a handful of times within a specific sub-region. There were several polities. Pre-Axum was a later confluence and offshoot of some of those localized adjacent Semitic polities that died out and transformed into Axum later. There were other Semitic communites that existed adjacent to Axum until they were absorbed by the early Axumite kings during expansion eastward and northward.
Here is one supposed Axumite king talking about expansionism from what seemed to be local.
". . . after I grew to be a man and forced the peoples (ethnē) bordering on my kingdom to live in peace, I made war upon the following peoples, and by force of arms reduced them to subjection. First I fought with the Gaze people [Agazi], then with Agame [both immediately north of the Axum kingdom] and Sigyene. After conquering them, I exacted a payment of half of everything they possessed."
With regards to who came up with the script, well we have a chronology in Yemen. People wrote the earliest script at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, before any Sabaean or Semitic structures or evidence was found in Northern Ethiopia. Furthermore, there is no chronology found of a gradual change of the Semitic script in the northern Horn of Africa. Those scripts came ready-made with the civilization that was brought, not prior.
dasi.cnr.it
Those people who first had the earliest South Arabian script that looked like this:
What was shown in the pottery in central Yemen was undoubtedly the developmental precursor to what you see in Yeha and other places in northern Ethiopia, substantiated not only by linguistics but also by radiocarbon dating. Yeha is dated around the 7th century BC, and you see the script used in section "B" follows neatly because that is what you see in there as well.
Not only that, the region of Yemen that had the earliest script also believed in the same polytheistic god 'lmqh.
Concordant with this is the statistical dating of the Ethio-Semitic languages that points toward a single introduction 2800 years ago.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0408
Furthermore, we have genetic evidence that comprehensively attests to the introduction of Arabian ancestry synonymous with the period we see the introduction of Semitic linguistic dating and archeological radio-carbon dating.
Agaw had loaned words Ethiosemitic when it was a baby language which automatically entails that it was new, not old, according to linguists:
"A major loanword set in the Proto-Ethiosemitic language reveals that the formative period of a distinct Proto-Ethiosemitic community took place on the African side of that sea. because the particular source language of the loanwords belonged to the Agäw branch of Cushitic (see appendix 5)—the ancient territories of which extended from the northern fringe of the Ethiopian Highlands south to Lake Tana— we can argue that the speakers of Proto-Ethiosemitic established their early settlements in the northern parts of the Ethiopian Highlands. This placement of the Proto-Ethiosemitic speakers is further confirmed by epigraphic evidence dating to the mid- and later first millennium BCE at sites such as Yeha in modern-day far northern Ethiopia and Eritrea.
The Agäw loanword set in Proto-Ethiosemitic fits the “intensive general” category of borrowing. The most notable characteristic of this kind of borrowing is the significant penetration of loanwords into even the one-hundred-word list of core vocabulary meanings. This kind of word borrowing has both demographic and chronological implications. (see chapter 4.)"
Another evidence is that South Ethiosemitic had East Cushitc loanwords in its early structure showing how it was fairly young as South Ethiosemitic diverged very early from its earlier formation. Here is evidence using glottochronology:
"How long before that period should we place the initial settlement of the ancestral Proto-Ethiosemitic community in the northern Horn? e evidence, examined just above, of intensive general word borrowing from an Agäw language, including as many as six Agäw loanwords in core vocabulary, indicates that the settlement of the first Ethiosemitic speakers took place at least two to three centuries before the divergence of the Proto-Ethiosemitic society into Proto–north and Proto–south Ethiosemitic branches began, at least to mid millennium and perhaps to the sixth or seventh century"
You're going against a very established consensus by the claims you make. You need to update because the "Semitic originated in Ethiopian" arguments were from bums in 2008 type shit.
Early Semites- pre-Axum, Axum, all those were not from Agaws. Agaws had influence in the material culture, such as pottery and lithing industries but they were incorporated by those Semites from Southern Arabia. Architecture, political and social organizational design, elite hierarchy, etc, were Arabian in root. After the Sabaean period, you had a respective trajectory during the Axumite period that deviated from Yemen but that was rooted in the initial Semite origin.
Ona was predominantly Agaw (probably mixed with lowlander non-Agaw to some extent though due to what happened some millenium earlier), and Agaws were the people who lived in northern Tigray that gave the Semite settlers farmer technology, wares such as pottery and lithics that were sourced and shared throughout the northern Ethiopian region (due to the Aagw commonality) what you had in Ona in the Asmara plateau. Those were not Semitic rooted but indigenous, or more like the original Sudanic Butan and Gash rooted.
@rania212
Yeha was constructed to worship a Southern Arabian moon god:
Almaqah - Wikipedia
You have the same in Sirwah Yemen worshipping the same god during the same period building structures that followed the same material type:
These are from northern Ethiopia. They have nothing to do with the Cushitic building but are straight out of Yemen.
The Agaws had no such architectural structural pre-conditions that explain any of what you see above -- none. Those grew out of the southern Arabian region.
Semitic is rooted in the Near East where we have the most ancient languages established, expanding later during the Bronze Age to Arabia, with Ethiopian Semitic being a section of those, not the origin itself.
It could be that Sabaean Yemenite rulers settled in Ethiopia and controlled both sides (in those inscriptions, those kings claim suzerainty to control Saba, though that is probably competition of internal Sabaean families that were probably rivals for succession or something and might have lied) but Saba is rooted in South Arabia, not Ethiopia. Northern Ethiopia was Cushitic land first, not Semitic. In the earliest Ethio-Semitic layers, the Semites absorbed Agaw root words during the first centuries of its arrival.
By the way, the early Semites did not have one all-encompassing kingdom called D'MT - that inscription was noted a bit more than a handful of times within a specific sub-region. There were several polities. Pre-Axum was a later confluence and offshoot of some of those localized adjacent Semitic polities that died out and transformed into Axum later. There were other Semitic communites that existed adjacent to Axum until they were absorbed by the early Axumite kings during expansion eastward and northward.
Here is one supposed Axumite king talking about expansionism from what seemed to be local.
". . . after I grew to be a man and forced the peoples (ethnē) bordering on my kingdom to live in peace, I made war upon the following peoples, and by force of arms reduced them to subjection. First I fought with the Gaze people [Agazi], then with Agame [both immediately north of the Axum kingdom] and Sigyene. After conquering them, I exacted a payment of half of everything they possessed."
With regards to who came up with the script, well we have a chronology in Yemen. People wrote the earliest script at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, before any Sabaean or Semitic structures or evidence was found in Northern Ethiopia. Furthermore, there is no chronology found of a gradual change of the Semitic script in the northern Horn of Africa. Those scripts came ready-made with the civilization that was brought, not prior.
DASI: Digital Archive for the Study of pre-islamic arabian Inscriptions: Site details
Digital Archive for the Study of pre-islamic arabian Inscriptions
Those people who first had the earliest South Arabian script that looked like this:
What was shown in the pottery in central Yemen was undoubtedly the developmental precursor to what you see in Yeha and other places in northern Ethiopia, substantiated not only by linguistics but also by radiocarbon dating. Yeha is dated around the 7th century BC, and you see the script used in section "B" follows neatly because that is what you see in there as well.
Not only that, the region of Yemen that had the earliest script also believed in the same polytheistic god 'lmqh.
Concordant with this is the statistical dating of the Ethio-Semitic languages that points toward a single introduction 2800 years ago.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0408
Furthermore, we have genetic evidence that comprehensively attests to the introduction of Arabian ancestry synonymous with the period we see the introduction of Semitic linguistic dating and archeological radio-carbon dating.
Agaw had loaned words Ethiosemitic when it was a baby language which automatically entails that it was new, not old, according to linguists:
"A major loanword set in the Proto-Ethiosemitic language reveals that the formative period of a distinct Proto-Ethiosemitic community took place on the African side of that sea. because the particular source language of the loanwords belonged to the Agäw branch of Cushitic (see appendix 5)—the ancient territories of which extended from the northern fringe of the Ethiopian Highlands south to Lake Tana— we can argue that the speakers of Proto-Ethiosemitic established their early settlements in the northern parts of the Ethiopian Highlands. This placement of the Proto-Ethiosemitic speakers is further confirmed by epigraphic evidence dating to the mid- and later first millennium BCE at sites such as Yeha in modern-day far northern Ethiopia and Eritrea.
The Agäw loanword set in Proto-Ethiosemitic fits the “intensive general” category of borrowing. The most notable characteristic of this kind of borrowing is the significant penetration of loanwords into even the one-hundred-word list of core vocabulary meanings. This kind of word borrowing has both demographic and chronological implications. (see chapter 4.)"
Another evidence is that South Ethiosemitic had East Cushitc loanwords in its early structure showing how it was fairly young as South Ethiosemitic diverged very early from its earlier formation. Here is evidence using glottochronology:
"How long before that period should we place the initial settlement of the ancestral Proto-Ethiosemitic community in the northern Horn? e evidence, examined just above, of intensive general word borrowing from an Agäw language, including as many as six Agäw loanwords in core vocabulary, indicates that the settlement of the first Ethiosemitic speakers took place at least two to three centuries before the divergence of the Proto-Ethiosemitic society into Proto–north and Proto–south Ethiosemitic branches began, at least to mid millennium and perhaps to the sixth or seventh century"
You're going against a very established consensus by the claims you make. You need to update because the "Semitic originated in Ethiopian" arguments were from bums in 2008 type shit.
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